Synopsis:  Students explore the third of five possible explanations for finding an association: confounding.  A confounder is an unobserved exposure that is both associated with an observed exposure and is an actual cause of an outcome.  Given an association between an exposure (viewing R-rated movies) and an outcome (teenage pregnancy) students learn to identify possible confounders and realize the importance of considering confounding when interpreting the results of a study.  Students then identify additional associations and possible confounders.

All students will develop problem-solving, decision-making, and inquiry skills, reflected by formulating usable questions and hypotheses, planning experiments, conducting systematic observations, interpreting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.

All students will learn and apply health promotion concepts and skills to support a healthy, active lifestyle.

All students will use health-enhancing personal, interpersonal, and life skills to support a healthy, active lifestyle.

All students will understand and apply the knowledge of sounds, letters, and words in written English to become independent and fluent readers, and will read a variety of materials and texts with fluency and comprehension.

All students will speak in clear, concise, organized language that varies in content and form for different audiences and purposes.

All students will listen actively to information from a variety of sources in a variety of situations.

All students will demonstrate critical life skills in order to be functional members of society.