Synopsis:  Students explore the first of several explanations for finding an association: causation.  Students envision how data would be distributed in a 2x2 table for the known causal association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.  Given that there are people who have smoked and not developed lung cancer (cell b) and there are people who have never smoked and developed lung cancer (cell c), students begin to appreciate what epidemiologists mean when they say that an exposure and an outcome are causally associated.

All students will develop problem-solving, decision-making, and inquiry skills, reflected by formulating usable questions and hypotheses, planning experiments, conducting systematic observations, interpreting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.

All students will integrate mathematics as a tool for problem-solving in science, and as a means of expressing and / or modeling scientific theories.

All students will learn and apply health promotion concepts and skills to support a healthy, active lifestyle.

All students will use health-enhancing personal, interpersonal, and life skills to support a healthy, active lifestyle.

All students will develop number sense and will perform standard numerical operations and estimations on all types of numbers in a variety of ways.

All students will represent and analyze relationships among variable quantities and solve problems involving patterns, functions, and algebraic concepts and processes.

All students will develop an understanding of the concepts and techniques of data analysis, probability, and discrete mathematics, and will use them to model situations, solve problems, and analyze and draw appropriate inferences from data.

All students will use mathematical processes of problem solving, communication, connections, reasoning, representations, and technology to solve problems and communicate mathematical ideas.

All students will understand and apply the knowledge of sounds, letters, and words in written English to become independent and fluent readers, and will read a variety of materials and texts with fluency and comprehension.

All students will speak in clear, concise, organized language that varies in content and form for different audiences and purposes.

All students will listen actively to information from a variety of sources in a variety of situations.

All students will access, view, evaluate, and respond to print, nonprint, and electronic texts and resources.

All students will demonstrate critical life skills in order to be functional members of society.