Economics Major with Teacher Certification in Social Studies (Preschool-Grade 12) (B.A.) - Undergraduate - 2010 University Catalog

You are viewing the 2010 University Catalog. Please see the newest version of the University Catalog for the most current version of this program's requirements.

Students who wish to pursue P-12 teacher certification in Social Studies must apply to and be admitted to the Teacher Education Program. Please visit the Teacher Education Program Web site for the required professional sequence of courses and other important Program requirements, guidelines, and procedures. Students also are strongly advised to review the Teacher Education Program Handbook. The course SOSC 401 Methods of Teaching Social Studies is the departmental requirement.

The social studies teacher is expected to have a broad understanding of the cultural and environmental factors which shape the individual and society. To meet the approved program for certification in social studies, course work is required in each of the following: anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science and sociology. A detailed description of the requirements is available in the office of the Social Studies Teacher Education Coordinator in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences.


ECONOMICS/TEACHER EDUCATION MAJOR

Complete 2 requirement(s):

  1. ECONOMICS MAJOR REQUIREMENTS

    Complete 42 semester hours including the following 3 requirement(s):

    1. REQUIRED COURSES

      Complete the following 9 courses:

      ECON 101 Principles of Economics: Macro 3
      ECON 102 Principles of Economics: Micro 3
      ECON 203 Economic Statistics 3
      ECON 207 Intermediate Microeconomic Analysis 3
      ECON 208 Intermediate Macroeconomic Analysis 3
      ECON 215 The Economics of Social Problems 3
      ECON 403 Comparative Economic Systems 3
      ECON 420 Econometrics 3
      ECON 438 Advanced Seminar in Economics 3
    2. MAJOR ELECTIVES

      Complete 3 courses from the following:

      ECON 204 Real Estate Principles & Practice 3
      ECON 206 Managerial Economics 3
      ECON 221 Economics of Professional Sports 3
      ECON 223 Economics of Fine and Performing Arts 3
      ECON 250 Selected Topics in Economics 3
      ECON 300 World Resources and Industries 3
      ECON 301 Money and Banking 3
      ECON 303 Economic Growth and Development 3
      ECON 305 Commercial Real Estate: Theory and Practice 3
      ECON 308 Public Finance 3
      ECON 311 Labor Economics 3
      ECON 312 Business Cycles and Forecasting 3
      ECON 401 Financial Institutions 3
      ECON 402 International Economics 3
      ECON 405 Economic Development of Sub-Saharan Africa 3
      ECON 409 Economics of National Security 3
      ECON 414 Economics of Natural Resources and Global Warming 3
    3. COLLATERAL COURSES

      Complete the following 2 courses:

      INFO 173 Introduction to Computers in Business 3
      MATH 114 Mathematics for Business II: Calculus 3
  2. RELATED SOCIAL SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS

    Complete the following 4 requirement(s):

    1. GEOGRAPHY

      Complete the following 2 courses:

      EUGS 101 Human Geography 3
      EUGS 102 World Geography 3
    2. HISTORY

      Complete the following 3 requirements:

      1. UNITED STATES

        Complete the following 4 courses:

        HIST 117 History of the United States to 1876 3
        HIST 118 History of the United States Since 1876 3
        HIST 215 Women in American History 3
        HIST 217 History of Black Americans 3
      2. EUROPEAN

        Complete 1 course from the following:

        HIST 103 Foundations of Western Civilization 3
        HIST 105 Emergence of European Civilization, 1500-1914 3
        HIST 106 Contemporary Europe, 1914 to the Present 3
      3. NON-WESTERN

        Complete 3 semester hours from the following:

        HIST 108 Introduction to African Civilization 3
        HIST 109 Introduction to Islamic Civilization 3
        HIST 114 Early Latin America 3
        HIST 116 Modern Latin America 3
        HIST 128 Pre-Modern Japan: A History or Japan to the Meiji Restoration 3
        HIST 129 Modern Japan: A History of Japan From the Meiji Through the Showa 3
        HIST 131 Introduction to Indian Civilization 3
        HIST 132 Introduction to Chinese Civilization 3
        HIST 133 Modern Chinese Civilization 3
        HIST 223 Communist Revolution in China 3
        HIST 330 Chinese Social History Through Literature 3
        HIST 333 History of Brazil 3
        HIST 334 Women in the Muslim World: A History of Representations 3
        HIST 339 Seminar in Latin American History 3
        HIST 409 Independent Study Non-Western History 3
        HIST 416 Church and State in Latin America 3
        HIST 430 Revolutions in Latin American History 3
        HIST 431 Development of Indian Character and Culture 3
        HIST 432 Development of Japanese Character and Culture 3
        HIST 499 Selected Topics 1-3
    3. POLITICAL SCIENCE

      Complete 1 course from the following:

      POLS 101 American Government and Politics 3
      POLS 307 American Political Thought 3
    4. RELGION OR ANTHROPOLOGY

      Complete 1 course from the following:

      ANTH 100 Cultural Anthropology 3
      RELG 100 Religions of the World 3

Course Descriptions:

ANTH100: Cultural Anthropology

Introduction to the basic concepts, goals, and research strategies of anthropology, the nature of culture, its role in human experience, and its universality. Presentation of cross-cultural examples and conceptual frameworks for understanding and explaining cultural diversity. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Survey Course. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement, World Cultures. 3 sh.

ECON101: Principles of Economics: Macro

A study of the American economy, analytically and institutionally; the achievement of an optimal allocation of resources, price stability, full employment level of national income and long term growth. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Social Science. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Survey Course. 3 sh.

ECON102: Principles of Economics: Micro

Organization and operation of the American economy for the production and distribution of goods and services. Pricing of products and factors of production in market situations varying from competition to monopoly. Resource allocation, price determination and behavior of the firm in the determination of quantity of output and the hiring of factors of production. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Social Science. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Survey Course. 3 sh.

ECON203: Economic Statistics

Basic elements of economic statistics including frequency distribution, sampling, index numbers, statistical inference, regression and correlation techniques. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101, and 102, and MATH 113, and 114.

ECON204: Real Estate Principles & Practice

An introduction to the economics of the real estate business, including the general practices and the language of real estate. Providing a basic knowledge of the real estate business the course covers such topics as the physical, legal, locational and other characteristics of real estate. The course emphasizes the market evaluation and financing of real estate, the nature of real estate markets and the regional and local factors that may influence real estate values. Ethical issues are emphasized throughout the course. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102 and MKTG 240.

ECON206: Managerial Economics

The application of economic theory in the decision-making processes of the firm; utilization of economic analysis in the study of demand, costs, pricing and capital investment decisions. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 203 or ECON 101 and ECON 102 and INFO 270 or ECON 101 and ECON 102 and INFO 271.

ECON207: Intermediate Microeconomic Analysis

The basic determinants of market demand. Input-output relationships in determining cost structure. Determination of prices received by resource owners in the productive process. Theory of the firm and pricing in different types of market organization with varying degrees of competitive conditions. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and 102.

ECON208: Intermediate Macroeconomic Analysis

The factors comprising aggregate demand and how they interact to determine the level of employment, output and the price level; the role of monetary and fiscal policy. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and 102.

ECON215: The Economics of Social Problems

The extent, causes and consequences of poverty, inequality and insecurity. An appraisal of reforms, social insurance, medical care, public housing, rural development. The economics of discrimination and educational opportunity. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Topic Course. Meets the Human and Intercultural Relations Requirement (HIRR). Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

ECON221: Economics of Professional Sports

This course applies economic analysis to the professional sports industry under alternative institutional structures. The course addresses the structure and conduct of various sports markets in terms of the relationship between economic theory and evolving public policy alternatives. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102.

ECON223: Economics of Fine and Performing Arts

This course applies economic analysis to various aspects of the fine and performing arts field. It includes an examination of theater economics, museum economics, and cinema economics, based on microeconomic theory of decisions as it applies to for-profit and non-profit institutions. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102.

ECON250: Selected Topics in Economics

An in-depth study of a particular theoretical or applied area of economics. May be repeated twice for a maximum of 9.0 credits as long as the topic is different. 3 sh.

ECON300: World Resources and Industries

Distribution, flow and consumption of mineral resources. Political, economic and social implications of the geography of resources. Basic studies in industrial location, agricultural land use, problems of economic development and population-resource ratios. Examines world trend in production controls and market allocations. Cross listed with Earth and Environmental Studies, EUGS300. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 or EUGS 101 or EUGS 102.

ECON301: Money and Banking

An analysis of the economic role of money and credit in our economy with primary emphasis on federal reserve and treasury operations. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and 102.

ECON303: Economic Growth and Development

Problems of hastening the growth of countries with low incomes per person; the requisites for the economic development, the obstacles to such development, the strategy and tactics of development and aid for development. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 207.

ECON305: Commercial Real Estate: Theory and Practice

By developing an understanding of the relevant market structures, institutional frameworks (e.g., tax laws, social regulations, monetary policy, etc.) and appropriate analytical tools, this course provides students with an operational knowledge of investing in commercial real estate. The analysis focuses on real world examples and emphasizes the use of computer-based programs. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 204.

ECON308: Public Finance

The impact of governmental expenditures, taxes and debt operation on resource allocation, income distribution, economic stabilization and economic growth. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 207 or 206.

ECON311: Labor Economics

The determinants of wages in the organized and unorganized markets; a historical survey and analysis of the principal institutions and central processes in the labor and manpower areas; an examination of current issues in labor relations. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 207 or 206.

ECON312: Business Cycles and Forecasting

Fluctuations in economic activity which characterize modern industrial economies. Definitions, descriptions and statistical measurement of business cycles are presented along with theories describing the causes of the cycles. Practical application of forecasting techniques to predict the course of future economic and business activity. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 203, or INFO 270, or INFO 271 and ECON 208.

ECON401: Financial Institutions

The structure and operation of financial institutions, their role in the economy and in the money and capital markets. The techniques and objectives of monetary policy and its effect on financial institutions. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 208 or 301.

ECON402: International Economics

The how, why and consequences of the movement of goods, services and factors of production in international exchange and an examination of the financial arrangements used to facilitate trade. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and 102.

ECON403: Comparative Economic Systems

The economic systems of planned and mixed economies with special emphasis on the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Scandinavian countries and the United States. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Topic Course. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102.

ECON405: Economic Development of Sub-Saharan Africa

An examination of economic policies in Africa as they affect prospects for growth and development of the region. Students will engage in a variety of research projects that combine theory with analytical tools to derive policy-relevant findings. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 203 and 207.

ECON409: Economics of National Security

This course applies economic analysis to basic dimensions of national security under alternative institutional structures. The course addresses political, economic, financial, and environmental issues, and includes and analysis of recent innovations in risk management as they apply to the economics of national security in a variety of policy settings. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102.

ECON414: Economics of Natural Resources and Global Warming

This course links economic analysis of the technology and economics of natural resources to global warming. The focus is on the structure of domestic and international natural resource markets, how pricing is derived, and how utilization of natural resources is relate to patterns of global warming. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101 and ECON 102.

ECON420: Econometrics

An introduction to the techniques of applied economic (social science) research. Examination of the tools necessary for applied economic research and methods for dealing with certain problems inherent in economic data. The primary emphasis will be on the application of the techniques to economic data. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 101, and ECON 102, and ECON 203, or INFO 270, or INFO 271.

ECON438: Advanced Seminar in Economics

A seminar designed to integrate economic theory, quantitative tools, and institutional knowledge in a series of applied issues. Students are required to undertake a number of specific oral and written projects that describe their understanding of key elements within the discipline. This course serves as a capstone for Economics students. Meets the University Writing Requirement for BAEC, ECBE, ECOE and ECON majors. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ECON 206 or ECON 207; ECON 208; INFO 270; seniors only; ECON, ECBE, ECOE and BAEC majors only.

EUGS101: Human Geography

Human Geography presents the interaction of culture and environment. Variations in environment and culture result in great differences how culture is imprinted upon the environment. The role of politics, language, religion, economics, urban systems, and technology reveal the relative intensity with which culture roots in nature. Emphasis is upon culture as a force that shapes the human use of the earth. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Social Science. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Survey Course. 3 sh.

EUGS102: World Geography

World geography aims to present essential facts and concepts about the natural and human environment of major regions and countries. The course presents a picture of regions as developed through the interactions of natural, cultural, economic and political forces. Geopolitical, social and economic relationships between and among countries are studied. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Social Science. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Topic Course. 3 sh.

HIST103: Foundations of Western Civilization

Origins and development of Western civilization to about 1350: Egyptian, Judaic, Greek, Roman, Islamic and Medieval European contributions. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, American or European History. Meets 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, American/European History 3 sh.

HIST105: Emergence of European Civilization, 1500-1914

The emergence of Europe as a distinctive world civilization. The development of ideas, institutions and technologies from medieval times to World War I. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, American or European History. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, American/European History. 3 sh.

HIST106: Contemporary Europe, 1914 to the Present

European society in transition since World War I. The role of two world wars in shaping contemporary times. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, American or European History. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, American/European History. 3 sh.

HIST108: Introduction to African Civilization

Pre-colonial African civilization and its eclipse under slavery and the colonial onslaught. Principal social, political and cultural systems of the period. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST109: Introduction to Islamic Civilization

Examination of various institutions and value systems in Islam which characterize it as a major civilization. Important cultural developments as they are affected by the process of transition. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST114: Early Latin America

This course will provide a background in the main issues, themes and events in the history of colonial Latin America, including an introduction to the pre-contact (pre-1492) histories of Spain, Portugal and the Americas. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST116: Modern Latin America

This course offers an introduction to the history of Latin America, with an emphasis on the period since the 1810s. Students unfamiliar with the region should emerge from the course with a firm grounding in the major themes of modern Latin American history. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. 3 sh.

HIST117: History of the United States to 1876

Issues and problems in the development of the American nation from discovery and exploration to the Civil War and Reconstruction. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, American or European History. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, American/European History. 3 sh.

HIST118: History of the United States Since 1876

American development from an agrarian power after the Civil War into an urban-industrial society with the liberal institutions that accompanied it. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, American or European History. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, American/European History. 3 sh.

HIST128: Pre-Modern Japan: A History or Japan to the Meiji Restoration

This is an introductory survey course in Japanese history from earliest times to the Meiji (1868-1912). It is a first step in Japan studies designed to provide a broad, useful, working knowledge of key aspects of traditional Japan. Culture, politics, society and economy will be built into a chronological, historical structure. Japan's uniqueness will be outlined against a background of greater East Asian and world interactions. This course will stand on its own, but will also serve as a useful background to understanding modern and contemporary Japan. The course also aspires to sensitizing students to the inherent value of East Asian culture as a part of human richness and diversity. 3 sh.

HIST129: Modern Japan: A History of Japan From the Meiji Through the Showa

This is an introductory survey course in Japanese history from the Meiji (1868-1912) through the Showa (1925-present). While it would be useful to study premodern Japan before taking this course, modern Japan does stand on its own. A review of traditional Japan will be followed by study of the dynamic interaction of Japan and the West during the 19th Century. Japan's expansionism, World War II and the postwar period will be important topics. Cultural, military, economic, political, and social developments will be discussed in historical settings. Students will be encouraged to appreciate the unique dynamics of Japan's development as a modern nation state and to explore the likely progress of Japan into the 21st Century. 3 sh.

HIST131: Introduction to Indian Civilization

The early history of India, 3000 B.C. to 1000 A.D. Principal religions, political and literary works, and their insights into Indian social values and institutions. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST132: Introduction to Chinese Civilization

The early history of China, 2000 B.C. to 1300 A.D. Principal social, political and metaphysical-philosophic works, corresponding values and institutions. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST133: Modern Chinese Civilization

Modern China, 1600 to the present. Changes in values and mutual influence of East and West, studied through literary, philosophical, anthropological, historical and artistic works. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST215: Women in American History

The changing role and status of women in American society from colonial times to the present. Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST217: History of Black Americans

Role of Americans of African descent in the development of the United States. Contributions of black Americans from initial discovery and exploration to mid-20th century. Meets the Human and Intercultural Relations Requirement (HIRR). Meets the World Languages and Cultures Requirement - World Cultures. 3 sh.

HIST223: Communist Revolution in China

Ideological and historical significance studied against the background of domestic and international events, personalities and ideologies. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. 3 sh.

HIST330: Chinese Social History Through Literature

Masterpieces of the Chinese literary tradition from earliest times to the 20th century. Literary genre in historical perspective and as expression of social and cultural values. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

HIST333: History of Brazil

Traces the historical development from the pre-historical Indian cultures to the 1970s; covers the social, cultural, political, economic and religious aspects of the largest Latin-American nation. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

HIST334: Women in the Muslim World: A History of Representations

A survey of writings by and about Muslim women examined historiographically. We examine conventional wisdom about Muslim women through the ages, and how this "wisdom" was constructed: Who wrote about Muslim women? When? How? What purposes have these writings served at different times and places since the inception of Islam and during the course of its 1,500 year history. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: Passing grade in the following: HIST 100; HIST 117 or 118; HIST 103 or 105 or 106; 108 or 109 or 114 or 116 or 128 or 129 or 131 or 132 or 133.

HIST339: Seminar in Latin American History

Intensive study of specific periods and/or problems in latin American history. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

HIST409: Independent Study Non-Western History

To provide opportunity for capable students, mainly in history or transcultural studies, to do independent work in the field of non-Western history. May be repeated once for a maximum of 6.0 credits as long as the topic is different. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

HIST416: Church and State in Latin America

The Roman Catholic church as the major spiritual institution as well as a cultural, moral, political and economic force in Latin America. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

HIST430: Revolutions in Latin American History

Examines and compares the causes, course and consequences of three major social revolutions in Latin America: Mexico (1910), Bolivia (1952), Cuba (1959). 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

HIST431: Development of Indian Character and Culture

The historical conditioning of Indian behavior. Culture change in the perspective of colonialism and modernization; contributions of religion to social and political values and modern literature. Cross listed with Anthropology, ANTH 431. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ANTH 100 OR HIST 100.

HIST432: Development of Japanese Character and Culture

The historical conditioning of Japanese behavior. Cultural change in the perspective of traditional periodization of Japanese history. Contributions of religion and philosophy to defining social values. Cross listed with Anthropology, ANTH 432. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Non-Western Cultural Perspectives. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: ANTH 100 OR HIST 100.

HIST499: Selected Topics

Study in a specific historical period, problem or theme. Particular course offerings will vary. Students may repeat course for up to nine credits as long as individual topic is different. Consult current schedule of courses for semester offering. May be repeated for a maximum of 9.0 credits as long as the topic is different. 1 - 3 sh.

Prerequisites: HIST 100; AND HIST 117 OR HIST 118.

INFO173: Introduction to Computers in Business

This course provides an introduction to the use of computers within a broad global business environment through an introduction to the skills, concepts, and capabilities necessary to effectively use information technology in organizations. Strong emphasis of the course is on building competencies in industry-approved software programs, such as Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office Professional Suite, including Word, PowerPoint, Excel and Access. 3 sh.

MATH114: Mathematics for Business II: Calculus

The general aim of this course is to introduce the students to the basic skills of differentiation, integration, maxima-minima problems and several of the other applications of calculus, including modeling, especially models in business and economics. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: MATH 100 or placement through the Montclair State University Placement Test (MSUPT) or a satisfactory score on department's Business Calculus Readiness Test. (Students who did not satisfy the course prerequisite at MSU and students who received a grade of D-, D, or D+ in the prerequisite course taken at MSU are required to demonstrate competency on the department's Business Calculus Readiness Test.)

POLS101: American Government and Politics

This course will introduce students to the basic institutions and processes of American politics, and will do so, in part, through a focus on current policy issues. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Social Science, Social Science. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Social Science, Topic Course. 3 sh.

POLS307: American Political Thought

The development of American ideas covering political authority from Hamilton, Madison and Marshall to the present. 3 sh.

Prerequisites: POLS 100 or POLS 101 or departmental approval.

RELG100: Religions of the World

The major religious traditions, with emphasis on basic beliefs and on the nature and diversity of religious awareness. Meets Gen Ed 2002 - Humanities, Philosophy or Religion. Meets the 1983 General Education Requirement (GER) - Humanities, Philosophy/Religion. 3 sh.

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